The Point Sample Method of Timber Cruising

Ed. Note: The first essential step toward selling timber or timberland is an inventory. It is a necessary step which enables the seller to set a realistic price on both the wood and the land. The inventory and methods used to determine volumes are also used between sales to make silvicultural and management decisions. Here is the equipment you need, the cruising procedure and how to calculate the cruise. This report is based on an article written by Ron Wenrich. Ron is a sawmill consultant and has extensive knowledge on how to inventory your forest using the point sampling method. All links included were chosen by the editor. Equipment For a timber cruise, other equipment besides the angle gauge will be needed. Some like to do a systematic cruise where plots are taken at regular intervals throughout the stand. In addition to an angle gauge, a compass, and a property map, something to accurately determine diameter should be taken along. Plots Each plot will represent a 1/10 acre sample. Its a good idea to do a 10% sample and take point samples at 200 ft intervals. This is a little better than a 10% cruise, but it is easy to plot on a map and is easy to locate on the ground. For a 10% sample, every acre will need 1 plot. A 5% cruise can be taken by taking point samples at 300 ft intervals. There is no need to run cruise lines through fields or other treeless areas. It is also best to cruise when leaves are not a factor - spring and fall are best. Each plot will take about 5 to 10 minutes to locate and record, depending on conditions of both the area and the cruiser. Paces For point location, use a compass and pace system. But before starting it is important to know how many paces you take to make 100 ft. To do this, measure 100 ft on a level surface. Simply walk the distance to find how many paces it takes to complete 100 ft. (some people use 66 ft. or a chain to compute their grid using a chain length). When pacing it is important to remember that you are measuring level distances. On slopes, you will have to take a few more paces to find your level point. The more severe the slope, the more paces that are necessary. Brushy conditions will also make it necessary to slip a few paces, since your gait will be altered. Walking downhill will cause your gait to be longer, so not as many paces will be needed to compensate as walking uphill. Accuracy is not a factor in plot location, so if youre off, it wont impact your results. Point Samples Before the cruise, you will need to establish where your points are to be placed. Make a map of the property or you can use aerial photos. From a known starting point that can be found on the ground, start to run north-south and east-west lines in a grid at every 200 ft. for a 10% sample. Where the lines intersect is where the point samples are to be taken. Successive plots do not have to be all in one line. Turning to get a plot is helpful and should be used where there are natural obstacles, such as wet areas, etc. For the actual cruise, it may be useful to take some sort of staff along to keep track of your plot center. Ribbon can also be used. I always take it down when done with the plot. Cruising Starting at your known point, run your line to your first point. Along the way, you can mark on your map, anything that is of notice, such as a stream, road, fence, or timber type change. This will help if you are making a type map or are writing a management report. At the first point, take your angle gauge and count the number of trees that fall into your plot. For each plot, take note of each counted tree by species, diameter, and merchantable height. Diameters should be tallied by 2 diameter classes. Tree form may also be noted. Any pertinent information should be noted before moving on to your next plot. Also note any trees that you would remove at each point. This can be used as a preliminary cruise for harvesting. Keep each plot information separate. After all the lines are run, you will have a complete map of your property. Just connect where roads, fences and other occurrences intersect. Ronald D. Wenrich is a sawmill management consultant from Jonestown, Pennsylvania, USA. This Penn State graduate has logged timber, inspected treated forest products, been a mill foreman, procured wood, and is now a sawmilling specialist and consultant.

Microsoft Built Security From The Bottom Up Sql Server

Microsoft built security from the bottom up in SQL Server 2005 and has aged in database security in each new version ever snice. SQL Server 2012 continues the trend with cool new features, like new server level roles, new algorithms, and new permissions. It also adds databases that are contained, which allow the end users to connect to the database without providing permission at the server level. This is an excellent idea to solve problems when you move to databases, but it sounds terrifying from a security context. There are other new security add-ons, along with tricks and shortcuts to old features. There is nothing really new in this current release, just further constriction and familiarizing to the countless ways companies use the database server. In this research paper, there are a couple of features to explore in SQL Server 2012. My dream is by the end of this paper you will have all you need to choose if your database will be protected in SQL Server 2012. Because of the security features in SQL server 2005 the 2012 SQL server was a required advancement, but there may be other reasons why a consumer might not want to change to a new server besides security. There are new SQL Server 2012 security features that Microsoft has provided to their database application program. The research paper will cover the most important features, which can be drilled down into four categories: †¢ Security management features, this comprises of schema groups and user-defined serverShow MoreRelatedAirline Reservation System: Organization Profile10051 Words   |  41 Pages4.3. System architecture 9 4.4. Definitions, acronyms and abbreviations 10 5. Implementation issues 11 5.1. .Net Frame Work 11 5.2. Asp.Net 16 5.3. Ado.Net 18 5.4. Sql Server 2005 20 5.5. Html 22 5.6. IIS 22 6. Software Requirements specifications 26 6.1. Modular description and functional requirements 27 6.2. Product Perspective 28 6.3. 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The British Politics Free Essays

Structural-Functionalism in politics states that the political system is composed of different institutions which includes interest groups, political parties, government bodies and a bureaucratic machinery. In nature, this political model is conservative as it is not responsive to political changes. It’s first objective is to ensure its own survival (London). We will write a custom essay sample on The British Politics or any similar topic only for you Order Now In British politics, its root for survival had been visible over time. Its parliamentary development over the centuries, and the emergence of the two-house parliament is a way of coping to the changing political calls intended for survival. Interest articulation and aggregation in this light has been effective because the citizens of the country and the parliament as well is anchored on the basis of their â€Å"shared sense of justice†. One which is believed that they are accountable for the laws that are being enacted. The parliament system has gone through many changes over time. A strength in the system can be attributed to the fact that since it has gone through many eras, changes has occurred and in a way, those changes have improved the system as a whole. The system is now well-established and it since leadership in the higher level goes from generation to generation, it is stable and the government form and leaders will not change as often as other political systems do. However, its weaknesses lie on the same thing that its governance is being inherited. It may be the case that the next heir for the position will not suit perfectly to become a leader. Or that the leaders shall use their powers and family prestige in pursuit of their own interest. Thus it is inevitable that future leaders may make a mistake due to incapacity or selfishness that the hereditary process of leadership entails. Works Cited A Parliament for England. October 9, 2007 http://www. anywhere. demon. co. uk/cep-parl. htm London, Scott. On Structural Functionalism. October 9, 2007 http://www. scottlondon. com/articles/almond. html How to cite The British Politics, Papers